The relation between acute alcohol consumption and aggressive behavior is a complex phenomenon that has been studied from a variety of different disciplines. This article reviews findings from both survey and experimental research. The influence of both situational and individual difference variables on the alcohol-aggression relation is discussed and the strengths and weaknesses of various methodological approaches are highlighted. Current theoretical perspectives of the alcohol-aggression relation are reviewed. An integrated heuristic framework of the alcohol-aggression relation also is outlined. This conceptualization involves both distal and proximal risk factors for problems with alcohol and violence, which include biological, psychological, interpersonal, and contextual influences. Research and treatment implications of this framework are also discussed. It is recommended that researchers attempt to measure variables from a variety of domains in order to obtain a better understanding of this complex phenomenon. Furthermore, it is emphasized that there is a clear need to further implement and assess primary and secondary prevention efforts and to design integrated and flexible approaches for individuals with alcohol and violence problems.